Essay about Euthanasia as Mercy or Murder - 1311 Words

Euthanasia as Mercy or Murder In keeping with the root definition of euthanasia- literally [meaning] good death- [supporters] of euthanasia insist they are talking about helping terminally ill patients in insufferable pain die a dignified death- at the patients request. But this bears no resemblance to the true picture of the actual practice of euthanasia in the United States (Lyons np). Passive euthanasia is death by nonintervention, meaning a health care worker can discontinue providing life-sustaining treatment to the patient, thus allowing him to die more quickly. In all actuality, [passive] euthanasia often involves withholding food and water from a patient whose death is caused by starvation or dehydration†¦show more content†¦The most active group of supporters are members of the Hemlock Society. These supporters are Christians and churchgoers and believe that the God they worship is a God of understanding and love. They also believe that as long as [the act of mercy killing] was justifiable and met the conditions of not hurting other people then they feel that God would accept them into heaven (Humphry 19). Sure, in the eyes of euthanasia supporters, even those who claim to be Christians, mercy killing is a noble and compassionate act, but what is the 5th commandment? You shall not kill. Those four words alone seem to eliminate all possible suggestions in favor of euthanasia. Derek Humphry, founder of the Hemlock Society, ... helped his wife, who was suffering from incurable bone cancer, to take her life by supplying her with a cup of coffee laced with a lethal mixture of secobarbital and codeine (Worsnop 156). Our society, basing its views primarily on the fundamental values of Judaism and Christianity, has always forbidden the taking of innocent life and has considered that act one of the most serious, if not the most serious, breaches of morality possible (Bleich 41). Judeo-Christians believe that a person has no inherent right to commit suicide and that the life of man can be reclaimed only by God Himself. They feel that suffering is a part of Gods life plan and that humans should accept it and learn from it.Show MoreRelated Euthanasia Essay: Mercy Killing or Murder?1333 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia: Mercy Killing or Murder?      Ã‚   We, as humans, are mortal beings.   Our life span is finite.   Even though we are mortal, we try to hang onto our lives as long as we can; fear of death and wanting to live forever are, after all, part of human nature.   Sometimes, however, the field of medicine capitalizes on this aspect of humanity. While it is certainly true that one goal of medicine has always been to prolong life, another goal has been the alleviation of pain and suffering.   One pointRead MoreEuthanasia: Murder or Mercy? Essay1665 Words   |  7 Pagesa way as to reach an impasse amongst two opposing parties. Euthanasia happens to be a topic that has been debated extensively for the larger part of the twenty-first century (Larue). Even the definition of euthanasia evokes mixed emotions: the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy (Merriam-Webster). The struggle over whether euthanasia should be accepted as a common practice is majorly stimulatedRead MoreEssay about Euthanasia: Mercy or Murder?2228 Words   |  9 PagesAccording to the Collins Canadian English Dictionary euthanasia is defined as â€Å"the act of killing someone painlessly, especially to relieve his or her suffering† (2004). Not everyone agrees with this definition. I have always believed that euthanasia was the human choice of ending another persons life because of the excruciating pain they are suffering due to an incurable disease. Some disciplines think that euthanasia should never be an option no matter what the situation. While other disciplinesRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?864 Words   |  4 Pages In the past, there have been practices of mercy killing for incurable animals. If the animals seem impossible to recover their health, a veterinarian is able to help them reach to death. Though there are some people disagreeing with animal mercy killing, most of people agree on it and it is legal. However, when it comes to human, there is a furious controversy over euthanasia. Because there is a sharp conflict on the issue, some countries accept mercy killing lawful while others do not. The mainRead MoreEuthanasia: Not Morally Acceptable Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowing essay, I argue that euthanasia is not morally acceptable because it always involves killing, and undermines intrinsic value of human being. The moral basis on which euthanasia defends its position is contradictory and arbitrary in that its moral values represented in such terms as ‘mercy killing’, ‘dying with dignity’, ‘good death’ and ‘right for self-determinatio n’ fail to justify taking one’s life. Introduction Among other moral issues, euthanasia emerged with modern medical advancementRead MoreThe Bible And The Teachings Of Jesus1491 Words   |  6 Pagesspecifically mention euthanasia, it does address closely related topics. Euthanasia is essentially killing out of mercy, hence the name ‘mercy killing’. The bible tells us that we are not to murder (Exodus 20:13) and any form of taking a life is seen as killing. It says that we die when God chooses us to, and to murder is an attempt to deny God his right of appointing death. Therefore, ‘mercy killing’ is going against God’s will and is a sin. The sixth commandment is â€Å"You shall not murder†, and that justifiesRead MoreMercy Killing1489 Words   |  6 PagesMercy Killing or Just Plain Killing: The Euthanasia Debate For as long as people have been around, we have been dying. While this very well may seem to be pointing out the obvious, so many of us forget that we, as humans, are mortal beings. Our life span is definitely finite, and it should be. Just think what would happen if nobody ever died. Even though we are mortal, we try to hang onto our lives as long as we can. Fear of death and wanting to live forever are, after all, part of humanRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?1490 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentative Essay 1 November 2015 Word Count - 1488 Mercy or No Mercy Soul is immortal. But body is mortal. In life there could be multiple problems. Some problems could be life threatening. There are some stages in life where one has to make decisions. Imagine you are in a place where you lost all your vital abilities and you have to spend your entire life like that. Your family and friend are in pain too just like you are in pain. What would you do? Euthanasia is and act where a person assist the deathRead MoreEuthanasia: The Right to Die Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia, which is also referred to as mercy killing, is the act of ending someone’s life either passively or actively, usually for the purpose of relieving pain and suffering. â€Å"All forms of euthanasia require an intention to accelerate death in order to benefit patients experiencing a poor quality of life† (Sayers, 2005). It is a highly controversial subject that often leaves a person with mixed emotions and beliefs. Opinions regarding this topic hinge on the he alth and mental state of the victimRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?901 Words   |  4 Pages Legalized Murder? Euthanasia allows someone who is suffering from a painful, terminal illness or is comatose to die painlessly. The word â€Å"euthanasia† is made up of two Greek words—â€Å"eu† means good and â€Å"thanatos† means death. Thus, the word â€Å"euthanasia† translates to â€Å"a good death.† The concept of euthanasia has been around since the 14th century. Even then, it caused much controversy among physicians, lawyers, sociologists and psychologists, making it one of the most complex problems of the modern

Barclays Bank Business Law and Ethics - 2424 Words

BUSINESS LAW AND ETHICS Assignmen ( BA 3 ) : Teacher: David Mwaura Date of submission: 13/06/2012 Executive summary: -Introduction†¦ -What is Corporate social responsibility ?... -Introducing Dell †¦ -Csr strategy of Dell†¦ -Environmental responsibility†¦ -Ethics and compliance†¦ -Creating a healthy workplace†¦ -Conclusion†¦ -REFERENCES†¦ BUSINESS LAW AND ETHICS: Introduction: The definition of corporates social responsibility (CSR) previously given by the commission of Europe was: *Company’s†¦show more content†¦Dell can reduce cost by optimizing the consumption of the energy and also help the customers do the same. Nowadays, dell sees a growing number of customers who cares about green issues and also the next generation coming of consumers, employees, information officers and regulators are already aware of the consequences and environmental impact on our planet. Because Dell believes that the following features are fundamental for a great sustainability strategy: →Engaging with stakeholders →prioritizing issues →Developing partners to implement programs →Combining our efforts into a sustainable brain →reporting true and verifiable data →Helping the customers to understand the complexity of sustainability and trying to clarify the confusion about labels. The UN intergovernmental panel on IPCC (Climate change)clarified in its fourth report (in 2007) that a continued greenhouse gas emissions at current rates would obviously cause more warming and lead to many changes in the global climate system †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ . The IPCC made that conclusion: All the developed countries would actually have to reduce their gas emission by 10 to 40 % under 1990 levels by the year 2020 and also by 40Show MoreRelatedMicroeconomics Concepts in a UK-Based Organization: A Case Analysis of Barclays1784 Words   |  7 PagesMicroeconomics Concepts in a UK based Organization INTRODUCTION Every organization has to analyze its business environment before making policies and strategies for its day to day operations, marketing and promotional efforts, and competing with the industry rivals (Loudon, Stevens, Wrenn 2004). The key factors of the business environment that affect the business operations of a company include political, economic, technological, environmental, cultural, and demographical factors. In additionRead MoreCulture Practices And Ethics Of The Businesses And The Press1674 Words   |  7 Pagespractices and ethics of the businesses and the press in its relation with public and how it can be improved or changed. The reports by Salz and Leveson will be used as case studies. Their reports demonstrate how businesses have a tendency of interfering in the private matters of the public; this led to customer’s getting agitated and annoyed. The businesses therefore had a downfall and lost the reputation that took them years to build. 2. INTRODUCTION; 2.1 Business morals and ethics are values andRead MoreThe Analysis : The Libor Scandal1310 Words   |  6 PagesExam Essay - Ryan Sylvia The LIBOR or London inter-bank offered rate scandal involved the manipulation of one of the most important figures in the finance world LIBOR. LIBOR is the average interest rate derived from rates submitted by the major banks in London and is used in determining the prices that both individuals and business will pay for loans. The rate itself is indicative of the interest rates that a bank will pay to borrow from another bank. The LIBOR scandal surrounded the intentional understatementRead More Barclays plc: Socially Responsible Corporate Behaviour Essay1646 Words   |  7 PagesBarclays plc: Socially Responsible Corporate Behaviour How does Barclays plc fulfil its obligations to their stakeholders in terms of ethical business practice and socially responsible corporate behaviour? According to The Institute of Business Ethics (cited in MORI, 2003), â€Å"80% of the public believe that large companies have a moral responsibility to society but 61% also thought large companies don’t care†. Why this shocking conclusion? Due to major accounting scandals such as EnronRead MoreBarclays : Libor Scandal And Reforms Essay4002 Words   |  17 Pages BARCLAYS – LIBOR SCANDAL AND REFORMS GROUP 5 NITIN K (G034) NEEMA KAR (G037) AMAN KAUSHIK (G040) ARPITA MATHUR (G044) RANAJOY SEN (G051) MANOJ VANDRANGI (G063) Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 2 BACKGROUND 3 HOW IS LIBOR CALCULATED 3 STAKEHOLDERS 4 EFFORTS TO FIX LIBOR 8 LIBOR REFORMS AND ITS EFFECT ON STAKEHOLDERS 9 CONCLUSION SUGGESTED LESSONS LEARNED 13 INTRODUCTION Barclays Barclays is a multinational banking and financial services company of British originRead MoreEthics, Greed, Psychology Within the Libor Scandal Essay2577 Words   |  11 PagesEthics, Greed, Psychology within the Libor Scandal Ethical dilemmas within the business environment have always garnered considerable attention and reaction from all global stakeholders. Issues such as fraud, insider trading, discrimination, bribery, and compensation are only some of the ethical problems that have disrupted the global financial system. In response to these ethical issues, stakeholders have undertaken various protective measures; for example, businesses have progressedRead MoreThe Global Financial System Is A Web Of Connections1483 Words   |  6 Pagesthe major global banks decide to do can ultimately affect a farmer living in the Democratic Republic of Congo, thousands of miles away from the people that directly or indirectly affected his life. One of those ways that people across the globe are connected are through different financial rates, one of those rates being LIBOR. LIBOR stands for London Inter-Bank Offered Rate. It is one of many benchmarks that banking institutions use to set interest rates for lending between banks (Romano Peluso)Read MoreThe Principle Based Approaches : Deontological And Teleological Approaches2988 Words   |  12 PagesThe concept of ethics has been defined in various ways by different authors and scholars. However, there are some notable common themes in most of the definitions. Velasquez et al. 2009 considered ethics to be individual’s ability to distinguish between right and wrong, good and bad, and acceptable from unacceptable. Flew, 1979 viewed ethics as a set of standards by which people decides to regulate their behavior and distinguish legitimate from illegitimate actions. A standard dictionary has definedRead MoreAssess the Global Role and Local Impact of Multinational Companies.1959 Words   |  8 Pagesand globally, and its role would also be quite significant as it can have a direct influence on an economy, the environment and general effects on society. However, changing the way they run things in order to accom idate society could break there business down and they could eventually have no impact on society so looking at the situation is they impacts worth the change? ‘Theory has evolved over the years regarding social concerns, society’s expectations and corporate responsibility. Indeed, earlyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility in Sports3830 Words   |  16 Pagesprogression, explains the emergence of this element, its key ingredients and how sports can be used as a vehicle in order to promote this factor. There are two sides of ethics which are personal and professional which can also be cast in terms of social responsibility. Overall the essay emphasizes that good management is good ethics. 2. Corporate social responsibility Corporate social responsibility refers to the moral and legal accountability on the part of individuals and corporations towards

Jane Eyre Feminist Analysis - 1045 Words

Jane Eyre is recognized and acclaimed as a classic feminist novel, a bold social commentary penned by a daring woman intent on shedding light on the hypocrisy that riddled Victorian society. This view is indeed accurate. However, Charlotte Brontà « only dares so much; she only sheds so much light. In â€Å"â€Å"The Maniac Bellowed†: Queer Affect and Queer Temporality in Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre†, Carolyn Marjorie Davis asserts that the arms of Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s feminism do not embrace women who fail to fulfill certain standards of domesticity and femininity, namely, they do not embrace Bertha Mason, the mad and muscular, foreign and forgotten wife of Rochester, whom he has condemned to haunt the locked third floor like some supernatural creature of dread.†¦show more content†¦Bertha yearns to be heard and understood, â€Å"but she is constantly undermined by Rochester’s ability to elide her existence† (Davis 17). Even Jane, whose many similarities with Bertha would seem to suggest that she would feel a kinship with her, seems deaf to any meaning in Bertha’s attempts to communicate. This is â€Å"surprising† (Davis 11) given that much of Jane’s â€Å"internal monologue is predicated on the fact of her loneliness and uniqueness, and†¦much of her affect is expressed through the language of imprisonment and subjugation† (Davis 11), just like Bertha. Jane’s storyline and Bertha’s storyline are in many ways reversed images of each other. Jane starts her life poor, friendless, and treated as a â€Å"bad animal†(Bronte 8), and by the end of the book she is wealthy and happily married. Bertha begins living freely on her home island, but her marriage to Rochester results in her entrapment and abandonment by Rochester as he â€Å"seek[s] sympathy with something at least human† (Bronte 297). In the eyes of society, Jane is transformed from animal to human, and Bertha is transformed from human to animal. Bertha’s madness renders her unable to fulfill what were regarded as the duties of a woman: to be pretty and quiet and intelligent, but not too intelligent, to embody domesticity, to comfort and care for herShow MoreRelatedJane Eyre Feminist Analysis1066 Words   |  5 Pagesnature or their intuition. Jane Eyre, a semi-autobiography by Charlotte Brontà «, is an exemplary novel where an untraditional heroine defies societal normality. The female protagonist Jane Eyre exhibits a self-created drive for personal success and a perpetual ambition to learn, characteristics customary of men. After the publication of Jane Eyre, many critics has viewed it through the feminist literary lenses, claiming it to contain biblical feminism. In the literary analysis â€Å"Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Religion:Read MoreFeminism in Jane Eyre1423 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism in Jane Eyre Jay Sheldon Feminism has been a prominent and controversial topic in writings for the past two centuries. With novels such as Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice, or even William Shakespeares Macbeth the fascination over this subject by authors is evident. In Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre the main character, Jane Eyre, explores the depth at which women may act in society and finds her own boundaries in Victorian England. As well, along with the notions of feminism oftenRead More Movie - Feminist Themes in Jane Eyre, Novel and Film Versions2260 Words   |  10 PagesAn Analysis of Feminist Themes in Jane Eyre and its Film Versions  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Concern for womens rights dates from the Enlightenment, when the liberal, egalitarian, and reformist ideals of that period began to be extended from the bourgeoisie, peasants, and urban laborers to women as well. As did most interest groups of the time, feminists gained force and stability through its writing. The periods blossoming ideas concerning womens rights were fully set forth in Judith Murray’s On theRead MoreCharlotte Bronte1859 Words   |  8 Pagesvivid and creative imagination. They would play in made up kingdoms and would write stories and poems based on their childhood adventures. These writings that she developed with her sisters were the start of her love and passion for writing. In Jane Eyre, Charlotte describes her life at home as she was working and raising her two sisters. Charlotte disliked her job and decided to leave in order to study French in Belgium. In Belgium, she met Constantin Heger who helped her by giving a strong literaryRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1733 Words   |  7 Pagesinteractions between the conventions of the Gothic fictions with other  thematic, ideological, and/or symbolic functions of the narrative  would rather be challenging. However, though the analysis of  Jane Eyre  written by  Charlotte Bronte, certain factors come into focus.The novel of Charlotte Bronte entitled Jane Eyre has showcased a lot of issues that specifies how women in that time have been depicted by the experiences that the protagonist of the novel has encountered. The novel was published in aRead More Revision of Master Narratives within Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea2157 Words   |  9 Pagesmood of the time was. From there one will be a ble to discuss how they were revised, and if in fact they were revised at all. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bronte is known as one of the first revolutionary and challenging authoress’ with her text Jane Eyre. The society of her time was male dominated, women were marginally cast aside and treated as trophies for their male counterparts. Their main role in life was to be a mother and a wife, â€Å" Literature cannot be the business of a woman’s life†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the moreRead MoreRepresentation of the Other in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay4463 Words   |  18 PagesRepresentation of the ‘Other’ in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Abstract This study aims at examining the representation of the’ other’ as portrayed in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre (1847). It attempts to inspect how the ‘Other’ is viewed in Nineteenth century England and the cultural ideology behind such specific representation. It poses crucial questions as to why the ‘Other’ is always represented negatively in main-stream western narrative as in the case of Bertha Mason who is portrayed asRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Second Child And Maria Branswell S Fifth Child2059 Words   |  9 Pagesstories and wrote them all down. Since their father was never home, it gave Charlotte Bronte the idea for Jane Eyre to be an orphan since its how she felt with her mother dead and a father who is never around. Especially with the events that took place in the boarding school, Charlotte used the events in her life and put the majority of them into one of her well known novel known as Jane Eyre. She was so drawn into her creativ e world that she began to dwell in the problems of her characters. So sheRead More A Comparison of the Ideals of Bronte in Jane Eyre and Voltaire in Candide2672 Words   |  11 PagesThe Ideals of Bronte in Jane Eyre and Voltaire in Candide      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Subjective novelists tend to use personal attitudes to shape their characters. Whether it be an interjection of opinion here, or an allusion to personal experience there, the beauty of a story lies in the clever disclosure of the authors personality. Charlotte Bronte and Voltaire are no exceptions. Their most notable leading characters, Jane Eyre and Candide, represent direct expressions of the respective authors emotions andRead MoreJane Eyre And Depression Essay1886 Words   |  8 PagesCharlotte Bronte’s â€Å"Jane Eyre† has captivated readers for generations. As with all coming of age novels, young adults can relate to the struggles and triumphs of Jane. Jane’s setting influences and parallel her emotions. A reader can see the novel through her eyes and perspective. In Bronte’s â€Å"Jane Eyre,† the location often parallels Jane’s emotional growth through the tone presented by the environment, resulting in the different places she lives revealing her journey through depression. Jane’s behavioral

Biology Cells And Stem Cells - 2123 Words

Cells and Stem Cells 1. The Typical Animal Cell 2. Vacuole: The Vacuole are used as storage inside the cell. Vacuoles store food, water and nutrients to help keep the cell alive. The vacuole can also store the waste that the cell produces so it doesn’t damage the rest of the cell. Vacuoles are usually made from amino acid and water. Nucleus: The Nucleus acts like the brain in the cell, this is because the Nucleus helps to control the cells reproduction, eating and movement. Nucleolus: The Nucleolus is a small, typically round granular body composed of protein and RNA in the nucleus of a cell. The nucleolus is organizer of chromosomes which contain the genes. Mitochondria: The Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They are organelles that act like a digestive system that takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy for the cell. Lysosome: The Lysosome is an organelle that holds enzymes that were created by the cell. The purpose of the lysosome is to digest things that the cell has made. They might be used to digest food or break down the cell when it dies. 3. Structure and function The animal sperm cell The animal nerve cell Nucleus Helps control the movement and the cells reproduction The nucleus helps control the direction the sperm is moving during reproduction. The nucleus controls the nerve cells communication. Cytoplasm is a type of fluid that fills up the cell. Inside the cytoplasm there’s acids that are used to keep the cellShow MoreRelatedStudent Application Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagesteams of as many as three interns in research projects. I am primary or co-author of five peer-reviewed research papers and have presented at more than ten major conferences in the field of biomedical sciences, including International Society of Stem Cell Research conference. As a biomedical scientist with nine years of research and two years of teaching experiences, and passion for serving academic community, I am well positioned to make Wellesley grow and to contribute to Wellesley’s mission ofRead MoreAdult Stem Cells1234 Words   |  5 PagesWritten Assignment 2: Biology and Technology in the Real World Addresses course outcomes 2 and 3: †¢ use knowledge of biological principles to ask relevant questions about the natural world †¢ make observations and discriminate between scientific and pseudoscientific explanations 1. Select one of the following topics below. 2. Find articles related to the topic. 3. Write two pages, double spaced, excluding references. You must read the articles that you find and summarize the informationRead MoreThe Debate Over Embryonic Stem Cell Research1690 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom reality until the research from embryonic stem cell therapy surfaced. Since former president George W. Bush banned federal funding on embryonic stem cell research in 2001 it has caused a halt in advancements and caused controversy in the public. According to an article by Beau Watts, an accredited physician; embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells (Beau Watts). This means they have not decided what function they perform yet. Since the cells do not know the function, it can be determined byRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms And Stem-Food Report1053 Words   |  5 PagesWith reference to a recent news report analyse how genetically modified products are created and evaluate the use of stem cells to combat disease. Genetic modification is the manipulation of DNA in an organism. It involves extracting a gene from one organism then inserting it into another organism that is usually of a different species but can be the same. The genes can also be manufactured instead of being extracted from the organism. Genetic modification can be done to plants, animals and evenRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cells1144 Words   |  5 Pageseach day, the use of stem cells, in regards to research, is becoming extraordinarily prevalent. I believe that the use of stem cells is unethical to a certain extent. Stem cells are cells that are able to renew themselves as well as the ability to generate specialized cells. Scientists refer to these tiny, magnificent cells as stem cells because many different types of cells can stem from them. Stem cells have the ability to develop into other cell types that mature into cells that have specializedRead MoreApplication Of Dental Science Department1676 Words   |  7 Pages Proliferation Capacity of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cell in Serum Free Culture Media (in Vitro Study)† Research project submitted to the Faculty of Dentistry Ain Shams University, for registration for the Degree of Masters in Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University. By Esraa Mohamed Abdel Moniem B.D.S Faculty of Dentistry, Misr International University, 2012 E-mail: esraamoh267@gmail.com Phone: 01001542375 FACULTY OF DENTISTRY, AIN SHAMSRead MoreEssay on The General Features of Human Cells1736 Words   |  7 PagesThe adaptation of cells to their functions,their size, and shape 1.THE GENERAL FEATURES OF HUMAN CELLS The cell is the structural functional unit of all known living organisms it is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as a living and is often called the building block of life .Like ourselves, the individual cell that forms our bodies can grow reproduce, process, information, respond to stimuli and carry out an amazing array of chemical reactions ,as the twenty first centuryRead MoreBiol101 Homework Assignment 2 Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesB) Stem cells. A relative of a friend of yours had a spinal cord injury after a bad car accident. The medical team has decided that this patient is a good candidate for a clinical trial using stem cell therapy. Your friend has not had a biology course since high school, so you are going to write for him or her a two-page discussion of stem cell information. In your discussion, include a description of the biology of stem cells, and explain how these cells are unique in their ability to treat diseasesRead MoreBiomedical Engineering: Stem Cells Essay1584 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch that stem from biomedical engineers can solve problems that would have never have been able to be solved before. Engineers have been working on new technology that will utilize stem cells in order to save lives and treat diseases. The stem cells that are used for treatment are called embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are formed from five-day old human embryos that the embryos are essentially human beings (In Stem-cell Research† Para. 3). The usage of such stem cells has caused controversyRead MoreRecent Developments In Gene Editing, Concerning The Modification1447 Words   |  6 PagesRecent developments in gene editing, concerning the modification of embryonic cells and its’ usefulness since the discovery of iPS cells Abstract This essay addresses the question â€Å"In light of the recent developments with iPS cells, is the genetic modification of human embryos justified?†. New gene editing software CRISPR has created cheaper and more accurate modification, making the editing of an embryo a possibility. There are concerns about this advancement

Should Any Vaccines Be Required for Children Free Essays

SHOULD ANY VACCINES BE REQUIRED FOR CHILDREN? SHOULD ANY VACCINES BE REQUIRED FOR CHILDREN? Most Vaccinations protect people from certain diseases which can make them sick, disabled or can in some cases even kill them. The vaccination helps boosts people’s body’s defence system, also known as the immune system. Vaccines create immunity which protects people from infections without causing suffering of the disease itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Any Vaccines Be Required for Children? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Vaccines can also be called shots, immunizations or needles. (Smith, n. d. ) Most vaccines contain a disease that is either very weak or dead. However, they do not contain a type of disease that can make people sick. Some vaccines do not contain any germs at all. Putting that little bit of disease inside the body makes the body’s defence system produce antibodies which fight off that kind of disease. The body makes antibodies in two different ways, one way is by getting the disease or the vaccine, however getting the vaccine is much safer when making the antibodies without having the risk of become disabled or maybe dying. The antibodies stay with the human for a very long period of time. These antibodies remember how to fight off a certain disease, which means that if the germ causes that disease enters the body at a later date, the body’s defence system will automatically know how to fight it off because of the antibodies. Most of the time the body’s defence system will remember how to fight the disease/germ for the rest of the human’s life. However, sometimes defence systems need a little reminder, a booster shot to remind the defence system how to fight off the disease/germ. In the first two years of a baby’s life they are given several different vaccines to protect them. The table below shows each vaccine that a baby gets all the way up to six years old. The table also shows how many doses a baby’s get of each vaccine and when they are given them. The majority of babies do not have side effects from vaccines, however if they do they are normally nothing serious. ‘Some vaccines may cause low fever, a rash or soreness at the spot where the shot was given. Although the body may seem like it is getting sick after the vaccination, these reactions are good signs that the immune system is working and learning to fight off infections’ ((CDC), n. . ). In rare cases, a baby may have a serious allergic reaction to a vaccine. Signs of a serious allergic reaction include: * Breathing problems and wheezing * Swelling of the throat * Being hoarse * Weakness * Dizziness * Fast heartbeat * Hives * Paleness ((CDC), n. d. ) Vaccinations are quick and highly effective. Once a child has been vaccinated against a disease, their body can then fight that disease more effectively if they come into contact with it. If a child is not vaccinated they can have an increased risk of catching the illness. (CDC), n. d. ) Age| Vaccine| Information| Problems| 2 Months old| 5-in-1 (DTaP/IPV/Hib)| ‘The 5-in-1 (DTaP/IPV/Hib) vaccine is used to protect against separate disease which include: Diphtheria, Tetanus, Whooping cough, Polio and Haemophilus influenza type b’. (NHS, n. d. )| ‘Diphtheria: Can be a highly contagious infection that generally affects the throat and nose and less commonly, it can affect the skin. The bacteria spreads when an infected person coughs or sneezes and their saliva enter another person’s nose or mouth. The symptoms of Diphtheria include: * High temperature (fever) * Sore throat * Breathing difficultiesTetanus: Tetanus is a very serious infection but is also very rare. It is caused by bacteria. It normally occurs when an open wound becomes contaminated. If it is not treated it may lead to complications which can end up being fatal. Tetanus is caused by a type of bacteria called Clostridium tentai. This bacteria can live in many different substances which include: * Soil * House dust * Animal and human waste (manure)Whooping Cough: Whooping cough is a highly contagious bacterial infection of the lungs and airways. The conditions usually begin with a continuing dry and irritating cough which then progresses into intense coughing’. ‘This is then followed by a distinctive whooping noise, which is how the condition gets its name. Symptoms include: * Runny or blocked nose * Sneezing * Watering eyes * Dry, irritating cough * Sore throat * Raised temperature * Feeling generally unwell. Polio: Polio is a highly contagious viral infection that can lead to paralysis, breathing problems and even death. Although polio can cause paralysis and death the vast majority of people who are infected with the polio do not become sick and are never aware they’ve been infected with polio. Signs and Symptoms will generally last one to ten days, these include: * Fever * Sore Throat * Headache * Vomiting * Fatigue * Back pain or stiffness * Neck or stiffness * Pain or stiffness in arms or legs * Muscle spasms or tendernessHaemophilus influenza type b’: This is a bacterial infection that can cause a number of serious illnesses such as pneumonia or meningitis, especially in young children. Hib can cause any of the following infections: * Meningitis * Pneumonia * Pericarditis * Epiglottitis * Septic arthritis * CellulitisSome of these infections can lead to blood poisoning, which can be fatal. Symptoms of this include: * Fever * Lethargy * Vomiting * Stiff neck(NHS, n. d. )| 2 Months old| Pneumococcal (PCV) vaccine| ‘The Pneumococcal vaccine is used to protect infants and young children against the caused by a bacterium. There are currently three PCV vaccines available. ’ (Wikipedia, n. d. | The Pneumococcal disease is caused by a bacterium, which can lead to serious infections in the lungs, blood and brain. You can catch the bacteria from people who cough or sneeze around you. Even if you get good medical care pneumonia can be deadly. The disease is hard to treat because the bacterium becomes resistant to antibiotics. Some common symptoms include: * A high temperature * Chills * Sweats * Aches and pains * Headache * A general sense of feeling unwell Other symptoms may include: * Nausea * Vomiting * Tiredness(NHS, n. d. | 3 months old| 5-in-1 (DTap/IPV/Hib) Vaccine; Second Dose| ‘This vaccine is used to protect against separate diseases: Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Whooping cough, Polio and Haemophilus influenza type b. ’ This vaccine is a booster because your memory cells may need a reminder to protect you from the disease. (NHS, n. d. )| Refer to: 2 months- 5-in-1 (DTap/IPV/Hib) Vaccine. If the second dose of the vaccination is not taken then the patient will not be protected from things such as Tetanus and Whooping cough because they are not taking every little bit of the vaccination course which they need to protect them in the future. 3 months old| Meningitis C| ‘The Meningitis C vaccine is conjugate vaccine against Group C meningitis. The Meningitis C vaccine was introduced in 1999 and in Ireland in 2000. It provides excellent protection against meningitis caused by Group C’. (Meningitiswise, n. d. )| Meni ngococcal disease is caused from a bacterial infection which is caused by an organism called Neisseria meningitides. This bacterium can cause an epidemic disease. The disease is transmitted through droplets or coughing and sneezing, or more directly through kissing. For the disease to go from person to person there has to be either frequent contact or prolonged contact. Signs and Symptoms of Meningitis C:Early Stages of infection: * Fever * Stiff neck * Severe headache * Pain in back or joints * Vomiting * A high pitched, moaning cry for babies * Difficult to wake (babies) * Pale of blotchy skin (babies)Later stages on infection: * Dislike of bright lights (photophobia) * Reduced awareness/drowsiness (can lead to a coma) * Bruise-like rash that does not fade under pressure. Meningitis is very serious and must be treated straight away. (1999, n. d. | 4 months old| 5-in-1 (DTap/IPV/Hib) Vaccine; Third Dose| ‘This vaccine is used to protect against separate disease: Diphtheria, Tetanus, Whooping cough, Polio and Haemophilus influenza type b. ’ This vaccine is a booster because your memory cells may need a reminder to protect you from the disease. (NHS, n. d. )| Refer to: 3 months- 5-in-1 (DTap/IPV/Hib) Vaccine. If the third dose of thi s vaccination is not taken then the patient will not be protected from things such as Tetanus and Whooping cough because they are not taking every little bit of the vaccination which they need to protect them in the future. 4 months old| Pneumococcal (PCV) vaccine; Second Dose| ‘This vaccine is used to protect infants and young children against the bacterium. There are currently three PCV vaccines available’. This vaccine is a booster because your memory cells may need a reminder to protect you from the disease. (Wikipedia, n. d. )| Refer to: 2 months- Pneumococcal (PCV) vaccine. If the second dose of this vaccination is not taken then the patient will not be protected from the disease. They will not be protected because they are not taking the full course of the vaccination. 4 months old| Meningitis C; Second Dose| ‘The Meningitis C vaccine is conjugate vaccine against Group C meningitis’. (Meningitiswise, n. d. ). The second dose is given as a booster vac cine; this is given to remind your memory cells that they need to protect you for the disease. | Refer to: 3 months- Meningitis C. if the second dose of this vaccination is not taken then the patient will not be protected from the disease. They will not be protected because they are not taking the full course of the vaccination. Between 12 and 13 months old| Hib/Men C booster| ‘This vaccine helps boosts children’s protection against two different disease, these are Haemophilus and Meningitis C infections. They are both serious infections and can both cause blood poisoning’. (NHS, n. d. )| This vaccination is given as a single injection which basically boosts the babies’ protection against Haemophilus influenza type b and meningitis C. (NHS, n. d. )| Between 12 and 13 months old| Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) Vaccine| ‘Measles, Mumps and Rubella are highly infectious conditions. The MMR vaccine contains weakened versions of live measles, mumps and rubella viruses. The vaccine works by triggering the immune system to produce antibodies against measles, mumps and rubella’. (NHS, n. d. )| The first MMR vaccine is given as a single injection to babies as part of their routine vaccinations, usually within a month of their first birthday. The MMR vaccine can sometimes be given earlier than their first birthday if the baby has been exposed to the measles virus. Signs and Symptoms: * Small rash of bruise-like spots * Small chance of seizures * High temperature * Loss of appetite * General feeling of being unwell * Swelling of the glands in the cheek, neck or under the jaw. (NHS, n. d. )| Between 12 and 13 months old| Pneumococcal (PCV) vaccine; Third dose| ‘This vaccine is used to protect infants and young children against the bacterium. There are currently three PCV vaccines available. ’ This vaccine is a booster because your memory cells may need a reminder to protect you from the disease. (Wikipedia, n. d. | Refer to: 4 months- Pneumococcal (PCV) vaccine. If the second dose of this vaccination is not taken then the patient will not be protected from the disease. They will not be protected because they are not taking the full course of the vaccination. | 3 years and 4 months old, or soon after| Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) Vaccine; second dose| Measles, Mumps and Rubella are highly infectious conditions. The MMR vaccine co ntains weakened versions of live measles, mumps and rubella viruses. The vaccine works by triggering the immune system to produce antibodies against measles, mumps and rubella’ (NHS, n. . ). The second dose is given as a booster vaccine; this is given to remind your memory cells that they need to protect you for the disease. | Refer to: between 12 and 13 months. Measles, mumps and rubella vaccination. If this second dose is not taken then the baby will not be protected from this disease, this is because they have not taken the full course of the vaccination. | 3 years and 4 months old, or soon after| 4-in-1 (DTaP/IPV) pre-school booster| ‘The DTaP/IPV vaccine boosts children’s protection against four serious childhood diseases; these are Diphtheria, Tetanus, Whooping cough and Polio. The vaccine is recommended for children about three years and four months old. There are two vaccines available, one contains higher-strength Diphtheria and the other contains lower-strength Diphtheria. (NHS, n. d. )| This vaccine is given to three-year-old children to boost their protection against: * Diphtheria * Tetanus * Whooping cough * PolioChildren are routinely vaccinated against these illnesses as babies. This booster increases their immunity even further. (NHS, n. d. )| (NHS, n. d. : I have chosen to use this table from the NHS website because I think that the information that is given useful. It is also reliable because it has come from a trustworthy website. Pro’s and Con’s of Vaccinations: Vaccines can impose some risks. It is important that parents consider the benefits and risks of vaccines when they are decided whether or not they should have their child/children vaccinated. Many people need to realise that when considering vaccination, one of the most i mportant questions asked is ‘does the risk of the disease over weigh the risk of the vaccination? This does include the risk of being exposed to certain diseases. There are about 12 diseases that are considered serious and have been vaccinated against, these include: Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Diphtheria, Tetanus, Whooping Cough, Polio, Hepatitis A and B, Pneumococcal disease, chicken pox and HIB disease. The vaccinations that are given for these diseases help play a large role in lowering the risk of exposure to the diseases. (2000, n. d. ) This graph is showing that since 1989 up to 2000 the number of ases of Mumps has decreased dramatically and also it is showing that a lot more people are having the MMR vaccination. We know this because of the number of notifications for mumps has decreased dramatically. There are many more pros than cons I think when it comes to vaccinations. These include your child will be safe during the first years of his/her life. Mortality can be prev ented even in dangerous and life threatening diseases, when you child catches diseases now or later on in life, he’ll/she’ll likely to have it milder than you would expect. Contagious diseases can be prevented especially if your child is in his/her pre-school years and the risk of complications are lower than those who do not go through with vaccinations. Also there will be less health issues by this I mean disability, there will be less cost on the society via disability benefits but also there will be a better life for individuals. Most parents today haven’t seen a child suffer with an infection such as Tetanus or Polio so it is very easy for them to say that vaccinations against such illnesses are not necessary. However the vaccination routine is the only reason why such infections have been nearly completely wiped out in the UK. If a certain number of children do not have the vaccinations then it will not be long before the diseases appear again. Vaccinations are a very powerful preventative tool. They work by exposing the immune system to something that resembles the disease. The body’s own immune system responds and is then able to build up some sort of immunity that protects us in the case of infection by a live virus. The effectiveness of vaccines is proved by the fact that smallpox has been completely wiped out, and the incidence of other serious illnesses has lowered a lot since the introduction of vaccinations. | Maximum number of Annual Cases in Pre-Vaccine Era (Year)| Number of cases in 2009| Percent Change| Diphtheria| 12,641 (1899)| 0| -100. 00| Measles| 52,866 (1952)| 2| -99. 99| Mumps| 18,709 (1957)| 13| -99. 93| Pertussis| 13,333 (1937)| 371| -97. 22| Polio| 3,950 (1955)| 0| -100. 00| Rubella| 34,148 (1943)| 1| -99. 9| Tetanus| 45 (1925)| 0| -100. 00| HIB| 147 (1987)| 1| -99. 32| Chickenpox| 23,768 (1953)| 2,219| -90. 66| (LaMorte, n. d. ) This table is showing how vaccinations have helped the number of cases of disease and infections. I think this source is reliable because it clearly shows that number of cases for each disease has dropped dramatically because more and more are having the vaccinations. However everything has two sides. No vaccination is 100% safe, and there are always c ertain risks involved in vaccinations. If people are not vaccinated there is a high chance that the risk of disease will increase dramatically because people aren’t protecting and preventing themselves from specific diseases and infections. Also there will be a major increase in health risk, by this I mean that there will be a lot more children with a weaker immune system which will them lead to an increase in diseases and infections which can also in some severe cases cause death, this is because the children have not been vaccinated from those certain diseases so their immune systems do not know how to fight them off or at least protect them from it. If children are not vaccinated then the country has less control over epidemics and pandemics because the children that are not being vaccinated can spread the disease and infections rapidly to other people which means that more people that are not being vaccinated are going to get the disease or infection. (safety, n. d. ) This graph is showing that there has been an increase in the confirmed cases of measles due to parents no longer wanting to vaccinate there babies/children due to the risk factors. Alternatives to vaccinations Parents face many tough decisions when it comes to vaccines. There is an alternative called Homeoprophylaxis (HP) or homeopathic immunization. It has been around for over 200 years, and recent studies show its effectiveness in epidemics, and its effectiveness at preventing childhood diseases (not injuring the child). Homeoprophylaxis is a dilute preparation from a disease product i. e. from the sputum of n individual with the disease, or in the case of influenzium (homeopathic version of the flue shot), the four viruses selected by the WHO for the annual flu vaccine. They are safe for everyone, including babies and they come in a small sugar pill that dissolves quickly in your mouth. It involves no side effects. No trauma, no toxins and no risks. It is given when the body is healthy and shouldn’t be given during a time of illness. The benefits of homeopathic immunization are pretty good. It works by naturally strengthening the resistance of the child instead of targeting the pathogen, bacteria, or virus that causes the epidemic disease. For this reason pathogens can never develop a resistance to the prophylactics. The immunization protects against diseases for which no vaccine exists; an example of this is the â€Å"B† strain of meningococcal (meningitis) disease that is responsible for many infections. The immunization protects those that traditional vaccines are unsuitable, such as those who have had adverse reactions to other vaccines, the malnourished, and the sick and debilitated the immune-compromised, the pregnant, those allergic to vaccine materials and those on steroids. Vaccination: * Material dose; live, attenuated or killed virus, bacteria, toxin, in crude dose * Adjuvants to stimulate allergic response and other additives with the possibility of other viruses, human fetus tissue, and DNA, animal byproducts etc. Multiple diseases given at once Homeoprophylaxis * Energetic dose; substances are potentized/diluted to reduce material dose but retain memory of disease/pathogen * Single disease at a time * No adjuvants, preservatives or contaminants National Attack rates and the Efficacy of Homeoprophylaxis Disease| Attack rates unimmunised %| Attack rate Homeoprophylaxis %| Efficacy of Homeoprophylaxis%| Whooping Cough| 85. 0| 11. 7| 86. 2| Measles| 90. 0| 9. 0| 90. 0| Mumps| 70. 0| 5. 9| 91. 6| (Golden, n. d. ) Should any vaccines be required for children? Arguments for and arguments against: (Dimes, n. d. ) Argument FOR: Vaccination should be required for children. No individual should have the right to risk the health of the public solely for the purpose of satisfying their personal moral or religious views. (Parenting, n. d. ) This graph is showing that since vaccinations have been introduced the number of deaths caused by disease such as Measles, Whooping Cough, Diphtheria and Scarlet Fever have decreased. Therefore I believe that Vaccinations should be required for children, and no individual should have the right to risk the health of the public because they satisfying their personal moral or religious views because if they aren’t being vaccinated they are affecting everyone else around them. This graph is reliable because it clearly shows important information which shows that FOR argument is important because vaccinations are decreasing the deaths of people because of disease. Argument AGAINST: Governments should not have the right to intervene in the health decisions parents make for their children. 1% of parents believe they should have the right to refuse mandated school entry vaccinations for their children. This graph is showing the number of people contracting measles has increased due to parents refusing to let their children have the school entry vaccinations. Because of this there could end up being an epidemic in Wales, because a number of children are not protecte d from Measles. I think that the school entry vaccinations should be made mandatory; I think this because it will stop the spread of an epidemic as people will be vaccinated against Measles. This source is reliable because it clearly shows that because people are not being vaccinated, diseases are spreading rapidly. From looking at both these arguments for and against I think that all children should be forced into having vaccinations, no matter what there religion is or what they believe in. If all children have the vaccinations that are available to them then maybe one day all the horrid diseases will be wiped out. This includes anyone who migrates because nobody knows what diseases they could be carrying or they could have come from a disease ridden area. Argument FOR: Vaccines can get rid of disease and prevent serious illness and death. Mandatory vaccination has got rid of disease that once killed thousands of children, such as polio and small pox. (Murakami, 2011) This graph is showing that when the Small Pox Vaccination was made mandatory the number of deaths per million shot right down because people were made to have the vaccination. Then when the vaccination was no longer mandatory so the number of deaths per million shot straight back up again. Then finally the vaccination was made mandatory one last time, this was when Small Pox was finally wiped out. I think this source is reliable because it clearly shows how helpful the Small Pox vaccination was and also how effective it was to England and Wales. Argument AGAINST: Many parents hold religious beliefs against vaccination. Forcing such parents to vaccinate their children would violate their rights to the free exercise of their religion. From looking at both the argument for and against I feel that vaccinations should be mandatory no what the circumstances are. Everyone in world should be given these vaccinations because when vaccinations are made mandatory they do work, they do wipe out harmful disease, as my source shows about Small Pox. If the Small Pox vaccination was not made mandatory then the Small Pox disease would still be runny wild today. Argument FOR: Some individuals that have been vaccinated may still get sick when exposed to infected individuals, 75%-94% of the population, depending on the disease, must be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity. When the herd immunity is achieved the number of immunized individuals is high enough to prevent the spread of disease through the population. BBC, 2012) This graph is showing that the confirmed cases of Whooping cough in England and Wales rose from 2011 to 2012. This graph is perfect for the Argument FOR because it shows that the number of confirmed cases could be due to the vaccinated individuals being exposed to the infected individuals. My source is not as reliable as I would like it to be because it does not actually show that some of the confirmed cases of Whooping cough are due to the vaccinated children being exposed to the infected individuals. Argument AGAINST: Vaccines interfere with the natural law and God’s plan for humanity. Disease is a natural occurrence and humans should not interfere with it. From looking at the argument for and the argument against I feel that people should not be aloud to say that they do want vaccinating because it is going against God and the natural law, because yes they may believe that but them believing that affects a lot of other people they are not vaccinated so they are a risk to more people. I disagree with the statement that disease is a natural occurrence because if everyone in the world was to be vaccinated then diseases would be wiped out and nothing would occur. Argument FOR: The risks of not being vaccinated far outweigh the small risks associated with vaccination. Preventable diseases like measles and mumps can cause permanent disability and death. In 1991 an outbreak of measles in an unvaccinated group of children in Philadelphia caused seven deaths. Children infected with mumps can become permanently deaf. Although a very small number of deaths from the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine have been reported, the most common adverse reactions are minor soreness and or fever. Argument AGAINST: Common childhood vaccinations may cause rare yet serious reactions including anaphylactic shock, paralysis, and sudden death. This risk is not worth taking, considering most diseases vaccinated against are not necessarily life threatening. (Health, n. d. ) From looking at this pie chart I can see that there were a number of deaths related to diseases than can be preventable by a few simple vaccines. This graph shows that if all these children had been vaccinated from these diseases then the deaths wouldn’t have been anywhere near as high as they were. I think this graph is reliable because it shows the number of lives that could have been saved if the children have been vaccinated. From looking at the argument for and argument against I think the risk of contracting a disease should over weigh the possible side effects that the vaccination can bring. Although the side effects of the vaccination can be bad they only last a couple of days at most, whereas if you contract a disease it last between one and ten days and in some cases is can kill you. I think that parents should think about the risks and benefits in a lot of detail before they say that they do not want to vaccinate their children. Argument FOR: Because children and babies are more open to the swine flu they should be required to take FDA- approved vaccine to prevent illness and possible death. Argument AGAINST: Vaccines can cause brain inflammation which can then lead to either death or permanent brain damage and disorders such as autism, ADD/ADHA, and other developmental problems. Also this vaccine has been associated specifically with the development of autism and is still found in certain tetanus and flu vaccines. (Anon. , n. d. ) This graph is showing the percentage of people who would and would not consider the swine flu vaccination. This pie chart just shows exactly why people are contracting diseases just like swine flu. I would say this source is reliable because it gives people a clear understanding of why certain diseases are quite rife. Argument FOR: Children should be required to receive vaccination against hepatitis B. the disease can cause inflammation of the liver leading to scarring of the liver or cancer. The world health organization recommends that hepatitis B vaccination be part of universal childhood vaccination routine. (Organization, n. d. ) This map shows which countries have and which countries have not introduced the HepB vaccination. This map shows us which countries have more disease issues and which do not. I think this vaccination is reliable because it shows us where vaccinations need to be put in place and then also made mandatory so diseases do not become rife. Argument AGAINST: All vaccines cause immune system suppression and can permanently damage the natural immune system. Unvaccinated children can build and strengthen their immune systems through fighting off infection and developing natural immunity to disease like measles and chickenpox. From looking at both the for and against argument I think that HepB should be made mandatory because it is a life threatening disease. I disagree with the statement that children can build and strengthen their immune system because with the diseases that can be contracted only the vaccination can properly protect them. To conclude I am for this question because I feel that all vaccines should be required for children for their own protection and well being. Parents who straight away say ‘NO NO NO I am not vaccinating my child’ should think about the benefits and risk factors, because I believe that the benefits over weigh the risk factors by a lot. I understand that some parents do no want their children to have to suffer some of the side effects that the vaccinations bring, they need to realise that the side effects of the vaccinations are nothing compared to the diseases that they can contract. The diseases can also be life threating, so the parents need to realise that yes their child may have side effects from the vaccination which only last a day or two whereas if they contract a disease it is likely to last around one to ten days and also some can kill. I know what I’d rather my child have. In my opinion vaccinations should be made mandatory from everyone and anyone, whether they are religious or not. I think this because if half of a population are religious and the other half are non religious and are for vaccinations for example, the religious side are going to always contract the diseases because they are not protected against them and even though the non religious side that have been vaccinated are protected they can still contract the disease but it may not be as extreme as if the religious side were to contract the disease. If anyone migrates to the country they should be tested on and vaccinated straight away no questions asked because people do not know what they could be carrying, they could be bringing all sorts of diseases in the country. Bibliography (CDC), C. f. D. C. a. P. , n. d. [Online] Available at: http://www. marchofdimes. com/baby/wellbabycare_vaccinations. html [Accessed 16 February 2013]. 1999, D. O. H. , n. d. Meningococcal C Vaccine Factsheet. [Online] Available at: http://www. nhs. uk/Planners/vaccinations/Documents/mencfsht[1]. pdf [Accessed 16th February 2013]. 2000, H. . S. , n. d. Primary Childhood Immunisation. [Online] Available at: http://www. sehd. scot. nhs. uk/publications/his0/his0-10. htm [Accessed 16th February 2013]. Anon. , n. d. Swine Flu Vaccination. [Online] Available at: http://whatjapanthinks. com/2009/12/10/just-one-in-twenty-always-wear-masks-for-swine-flu-prevention/ [Accessed 16th February 2013]. BBC, 2012. BBC NEWS HEALTH. [Online] Available at: http://www. b bc. co. uk/news/health-20539837 [Accessed 16th February 2013]. Dimes, M. o. , n. d. Vaccines. [Online] Available at: http://vaccines. procon. org/#arguments Accessed 16th February 2013]. Golden, D. , n. d. Organic Life Love. [Online] Available at: http://organiclifelove. com/2011/03/22/a-safe-alternative-to-vaccines-homeopathic-immunization/ [Accessed 16th February 2013]. Health, G. , n. d. Resources. [Online] Available at: http://www. action. org/resources/item/undervaccination-by-the-numbers [Accessed 16th February 2013]. LaMorte, W. , n. d. Disease Surveillance. [Online] Available at: http://sph. bu. edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/MA-Surveillance/MA-Surveillance7. html [Accessed 16th February 2013]. Meningitiswise, n. d. Online] Available at: http://www. meningitis. org/disease-info/vaccines [Accessed 16 FEBRUARY 2013]. Murakami, A. , 2011. Vaccination Fauxscination. [Online] Available at: http://aaronmurakami. com/blog/2011/01/29/vaccination-fauxscination/ [Accessed 16th February 2013] . NHS, n. d. NHS Choice. [Online] Available at: http://www. nhs. uk/Conditions/vaccinations/Pages/vaccination-schedule-age-checklist. aspx [Accessed 16 February 2013]. Organization, W. H. , n. d. World Heath. [Online] Available at: http://www. who. int/immunization_delivery/new_vaccines/hepb/en/index4. tml [Accessed 16th February 2013]. Parenting, N. , n. d. Natural Parenting. [Online] Available at: http://forums. naturalparenting. com. au/vaccination/39639-disease-vaccination-graphs. html [Accessed 16th February 2013]. safety, C. h. a. , n. d. Wakefield data questioned again. [Online] Available at: http://ebdblog. com/2009/02/wakefield-data-questioned-again/ [Accessed 16th february 2013]. Wikipedia, n. d. Wikipedia. [Online] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pneumococcal_conjugate_vaccine [Accessed 16 February 2013]. How to cite Should Any Vaccines Be Required for Children?, Papers

Report on Interpersonal and E-Communication

Question: The report evaluates the communication strategies adopted by Apple. Both Electronic communication Apple operates in various countries and is headquartered in California, US. Answer: Introduction The following report evaluates the communication strategies adopted by Apple. Both Electronic communication Apple operates in various countries and is headquartered in California, US. The brand specializes in the design of software and electronic devices. It has been one of the key innovators in developing interpersonal communication methods. The non-electronic methods of communication includes letter, memorandum as well as face- face communication. These three methods were the most traditional forms of communication and continue to occupy an important position in the business world. On the other hand, e-communication relates to using various online social media tools to communicate with friends and family. According to Densmore (2015), this form of communication is cheap and is fast. These assist users to communicate in an effective manner in addition to maintaining of their privacy. Apple has been using various forms of e-communication to connect with internal as well as external p arties related to the business. Background Guffey and Loewy (2012) mentioned that effective communication helps in the exchange of ideas and thoughts between two or more ideas. This is very important in the context of a business organization. This effectively assists the management of the organization to ensure flow of communication to the lower ranked business organization. Communication can be classified into electronic communication and non-electronic forms of communication. Bell and Muir (2014) mentioned that business enterprises operating in the electronic segment like Apple, Samsung and HTC have preferred the e-communication platform to the traditional mode of communication. This is mainly due to the easy accessibility as well as effective usage of these channels. These channels offer the brand to stay in touch with its customers at all times, thereby, assisting the brand to developing consumer loyalty over a period. However, non-electronic form of communications is more authentic and develops a positive consumer percep tion on the parties. Section 1 Key non-communication methods For Apple, the key non-communication methods for communication include business letters, reports and memorandum. Jensen (2016) stated that it is mainly used for formal methods of communication and therefore assists the business organization its documentation process. Apple has been using the key non-communication procedures apart from the e-communication techniques of transfer of information to facilitate flow of communication Muir (2014) have stated that In frequent intervals official letter are dispatched to the stakeholders of the company to report existing financial and operational condition about the business organization. In addition, reports are also prepared to inform staff members about the existing financial policies about the brand, Zhang (2015) have stated that Apple has been using non- electronics forms of communication since it is a comparatively a simple procedure to manage. Besides this, it saves the use of electricity, which is a key component for the brand in its production. This is a more official form of communication, and is used for the purpose of documentation. Section 2 In the regard of online communication, Apple has been using a combination of websites as well as social media portals. Besides this communicating through the help of digital devices is also an effective mode for communication for Apple. Sending and receiving messages through gadgets has been one of the important methods of communication for Apple. In the print form sending faxes has been a significant step for Apple for communicating within the organization. However Kirakosyan and Dnia (2014) noted that Apple mainly emphasizes on the internet to fulfilling its communication needs in the organization. The brand mainly communicates through email to carry out its daily operational functionalities for the brand. Therefore, Apple is heavily dependent upon online communication to stay in touch with Investors, Shareholders and consumers. Ribbers and Waringa (2015) mentioned that the brand has been creating pages on the social media websites to gather immediate feedback from the consumers. It has also been providing updated information about the necessary product and service offerings currently being offered to consumers. Belkin and Kurtzberg (2013) mentioned that the social media pages have been an effective medium for Apple to develop informal relationships with consumers. For Apple it has been an effective medium for communication to assist the business enterprise in its growth . Section 3 SWOT Analysis The following is the SWOT Analysis for Apple s method as well as practices . Strength 1. Operational structure - Apple has a strong operational structure that shall assist the brand to communicate effectively with external and internal parties of the organization. This includes the usage of different electronic and non electronic methods for communication with different parties of the organization. Jackson (2012) mentioned that the organization has developed a customized portal for itself to communicate with other interested parties in the organization. Therefore, the brand has developed an effective mechanism for itself in the domestic as well as the international market to cater to the needs of the organization as per the market situation in the domestic as well as the international market. 2. Technology Densmore and Himes (2015) have stated that Apple has implemented advance technology mechanisms to communicate effectively with the interested parties in the business organization. This has ensured a clear flow of communication from the top management to the lower-ranked employees in the organization. The brand has been able to re-innovate its existing s state of technology by investing substantially in the research and development to complement its communication initiatives. Belkin et al. (2013) mentioned that Apple has implemented superior technology in its product offerings to provide superior customer services to the buyers. 3. Goodwill and reputation- Apple has considerable goodwill and reputation in the market. Therefore, any form of communication made by the brand shall have importance. In this regard, Guffey and Loewy (2012) noted that it could be said that Apple has been innovative about the selection of communication platforms in the organization. As such, it can be said that Apple has s been using a combination of electronic and non-electronic methods to successfully execute business communication initiatives. Weaknesses Overdependence on e-communication In the recent years, Apple has been showing overdependence on e-communication platforms on a daily basis. Therefore, the brand has been slowly losing its effectivity in communicating using other electronic forms of communication. In addition, this has increased the operational expenditures of the business enterprise, thereby, hampering the business growth and sustainability of Apple in the long run. Coordination issues- Apple has been facing coordination issues in structuring all its communication policies in a definite path. As such, there remains a doubt about the constructiveness about its communication pursuits. Monzani (2014) have mentioned that lack of proper communication has been affecting Apples communication towards parties present within and external to the environment . The coordination issues has been affecting the brand for a considerable period of time, thereby affecting the business sustainability of the business enterprise in the long run. Opportunities Apple has explored newer business areas in the recent times. Therefore, there remains an opportunity to enhance its communication levels to attract potential consumers towards the brand. In this regard, Iranmanesh and Najafabadi (2013) noted that Apple could use multiple channels of communication to touch a larger section of the society. The brand has implemented efficient communication structures in its organization to assist the organization in its growth. Therefore, such communication channels should be enhanced to improve the levels of communication in a business organization. According to Omenugha (2015), the brand has already diverged into different countries offering a wide range of products and services to the customers. A large part of this can be attributed to the effective communications channels implemented by the business enterprise. Thus, the Apple has to retain its communication platforms and modify it with the existing times to make it more efficient. Threats The emergence of substitute brands is a growing threat to the business sustainability of Apple. Monzani et al. (2014) have stated that the communication channels used by these brands have been more potent than Apple, thereby, attracting greater consumer attention. Besides this, the visibility of these entities has increased due to enhanced use of communication to the stakeholders of the company. Therefore, these threats shall be a major risk to the business sustainability of the brand in the present economic condition of the country. Therefore, Apple has to consider these factors in framing the operational as well as the marketing policies of a business enterprise. Section 4 According to Guffey and Loewy (2012), Samsung and HTC have been the two main competitors of Apple in the global market. They have widely used various online portals in communicating with their stakeholders. Thus, it can be said that the internet have been an essential source of communication to the external parties of the business organization. Densmore and Himes (2015) mentioned that in communicating internally within the organization, Samsung and HTC have developed essential communication channels to ensure proper flow of communication from the management of the organization. Therefore, in contrast to Apple these organizations have been making extensive use of the internet to communicate with the consumers, investors and other concerned parties to enhance interpersonal communication. These attributes form the primary components of the communication strategies used by these companies. Ribbers and Waringa (2015) noted that in the case of Apple, there has been certain dependence on the print media to communicate with investors, stakeholders and other groups. The annual statement of Apple is printed in the annual statements of prominent newspapers and other business magazines. According to Belkin and Kurtzberg (2013), the public is invited to purchase shares and debentures of the company and make required investment decisions. Besides this, prominent product launches are advertised to the public to create awareness about the product offerings in the minds of the common public. However, Apple is similar to its competitors in the case of the usage of the online portals that has influenced the organization to communicate frequently with concerned parties in the case of business necessities . Section 5 Recommendations The following recommendations can assist Apple to improve its communication practices 1. Use of the traditional forms of communication- Apple can use the traditional channel of communication like faxes, letter and the newspaper to reduce operational expenses for the firm. In this regard, it can be said that the traditional form of communication can be executed with minimum amount of time and effort. Also, this would be a more conventional method of a communications to create a positive perception on the share holders of the company. These methods shall be able to deal with communication issues that have been hampering the growth of the Apple in the present market conditions. The traditional forms of communication have been tested and are found effective enough to carry information with certain accuracy. 2. Establish more communication platforms - Apple can widen its range of communication channels to facilitate faster exchange of data and information. This shall bring in more coordination among different departments, thereby, assisting the organization in its growth. Consolidating the existing communication channels is also a requirement that should be emphasized to ensure smoother flow of communication in the organization. Therefore, regular upgradation of the communication channels is also a j necessity that should be adequately examined to retain the current communication levels in the organization. 3. Analyze market requirements- The market requirements of a business entity has to be analyzed , to make appropriate changes to the communication strategies adopted by the brand. Thus, in this context it can be stated that emphasis should be placed on the distribution system of the channel to evaluate the requirements of the sales channel. The Apple have a wide range of product offerings that would require immense communication levels to facilitate the growth of the organization in every country . Develop partnerships - An establishment of partnerships shall enable an organization to facilitate the organization to develop strong communication channels. Pertinent business partnerships would enable to assist the organization in achieving further growth. Apple would be able to gain substantially and touch consumers from background, nationality and culture. Samsung and HTC have developed other business partnerships to restructure the communication levels in the business organization to assist to enhance their business network in the global market. Customized online portal Apple can establish a customized online portal to connect with the customers. As such, the brand would be able to develop informal relationship with customers. In this regard, it can be stated that Apple shall be able to gather consumer feedback and develop product constituents accordingly. A customized online portal shall enable an organization to connect with stakeholders and understand their issues and concerns. Conclusion It can be said that the Apple has implemented a substantial communication channel that has been useful for the brand in controlling its operations in various countries. However, there are certain obstacles that the brand has been facing that are having a harmful influence on the business enterprise. In this regard, it can be said that the overdependence on the e-commerce channels has been a pertinent issue in its communication channels in the organization. This has increased the operational expenses for the brand. Besides this, it has restricted the reach to a specified consumer segment, thereby, influencing the market share of the brand. In this regard, it can be said that Apple can adopt the conventional modes of communication to reduce the expenses and can contact a large number of consumers in the country. Apple can also look to develop more communication channels and establish business partnerships with other business entities. A customized online portal can also be developed to cater to the needs of the consumer as well as develop other business areas for Apple. References Belkin, L.Y. and Kurtzberg, T., 2013. Affective displays in e-mail communication: The evidence from the lab and the field. Research on emotions in organizations, 9, pp.279-308. Belkin, L.Y., Kurtzberg, T.R. and Naquin, C.E., 2013. Signaling dominance in online negotiations: The role of affective tone. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 6(4), pp.285-304. Bell, R.L. and Muir, C., 2014. A review of business communication under the leadership function. Business Studies Journal, 6, pp.99-121. Carroll, C.E., 2015. 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